Διὸ ἀναπολόγητος εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε πᾶς ὁ κρίνων· ἐν ᾧ γὰρ κρίνεις τὸν ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις, τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ πράσσεις ὁ κρίνων.
Therefore, you are without excuse, O man, everyone who passes judgement; for in that which you judge another you are condemning yourself, [O you,] who judge!
| Διὸ | conj; διό; therefore, that is why, for this reason; Paul is starting a new thought flow with this verse. In verses 1:18-32, he introduced God’s judgment against all of mankind; in verses 2:1-11, he will now show that God impartially judges everyone by their own actions. |
| ἀναπολόγητος | adj; msn; ἀναπολόγητος; without excuse; also used in verse 1:20; predicate adjective after the verb εἶ; |
| εἶ, | verb; p, a, ind, 3s; εἰμί ; to be, durative present; |
| ὦ | interjection; ὦ; o, oh; interjection used in direct address; |
| ἄνθρωπε | noun; msv; ἄνθρωπος; man; with above interjection, vocative in direct address; |
| πᾶς | adj; msv; πᾶς; all, every; qualifies the articular participle κρίνων; |
| ὁ κρίνων· | art ptcp; p, a, msv; κρίνω; to decide, consider, as preferring one thing over another or determining the correctness of a matter; by extension; to judge, pass judgment on, condemn in a legal sense. adjectival participle qualifying ἄνθρωπε; The nominative case here in apposition to ἄνθρωπε, vocative case, (See ATR, p. 464); |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in; comparable to a dative of reference or respect; Some authorities understand the prepositional phrase ἐν ᾧ to be temporal, ‘when,’ others take it local, ‘in that which.’ (ATR, p. 978) I prefer the later, however, the overall difference in meaning is minor. |
| ᾧ | rel pro; nsd; ὅς; which; object of preposition ἐν above; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; for, because, indeed; continuing and explanatory, explaining the initial clause in this verse; |
| κρίνεις | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; κρίνω; to decide, consider, as preferring one thing over another or determining the correctness of a matter; by extension; to judge, pass judgment on, condemn in a legal sense; customary present; |
| τὸν ἕτερον, | art adj; msa; ἕτερος; other, different; with art a substantive, “another”; While ἕτερος can mean different as opposed to ἄλλος, it also simple means another without the idea of different (ATR, p. 748). |
| σεαυτὸν | reciprocal pro; 2p msa; σεαυτοῦ; yourself; direct object of κατακρίνεις; |
| κατακρίνεις | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; κατακρίνω; to condemn, ; customary present; |
| τὰ | art; npa; ὁ; the; qualifies αὐτά, making it a substantive; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| αὐτὰ | pro pers & intensive and identical adj; npa; αὐτός; he, she, it; used as an identity adjective, substantively; the same one, the same things; |
| πράσσεις | verb; p,a, ind, 2s; πράσσω; to do, act, practice; customary present; |
| ὁ κρίνων. | art ptcp; p, a, msv; κρίνω; to decide, consider, as preferring one thing over another or determining the correctness of a matter; by extension; to judge, pass judgment on, condemn in a legal sense; substantival use as vocative in direct address. |
οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τὸ κρίμα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας.
Now, we know that God’s judgment is in accordance with the truth upon those who practice such things.
| οἴδαμεν | verb; (p) pf, a, ind, 1p; οἶδα; to know, to possess information; recognize, realize, to come to know; to understand, to be able to use knowledge (perfect used as a present tense); gnomic present; |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather, now; here it seems to say, ‘continuing the discussion but on a different thought now;’ |
| ὅτι | conj; ὅτι; that; introduces the content of οἴδαμεν; |
| τὸ κρίμα | art noun; nsn; κρίμα; judgment, condemnation; sentence, punishment; subject of ἐστιν; |
| τοῦ θεοῦ | art noun; msg; θεός; God; subjective gen; |
| ἐστιν | verb; p, a, ind, 3s; εἰμί; to be; gnomic present; |
| κατὰ | prep + acc; κατά; in, by, with, in accordance with, for; (see AG, p. 408 under II.5.a.); |
| ἀλήθειαν | noun; fsa; ἀλήθεια; truth, truthfulness; corresponding to reality; object of preposition κατά; a noun can definite when the object of a preposition (ATR, pp. 791-792); |
| ἐπὶ | prep + acc; ἐπί; against, of hostile movement; |
| τοὺς | art; mpa; ὁ, ἡ, τό; the; qualifies πράσσοντας making it substantival; |
| τὰ τοιαῦτα | art adj; npa; τοιοῦτος; such, such as this, of such a kind; refers back to verses 1:29-32; |
| πράσσοντας | verb; p, a, ptcp, mpa; πράσσω; to do, act, practice; substantival, object of preposition ἐπί; imperfective ptcp indicates an on going action, ‘those who practice;’ |
λογίζῃ δὲ τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ θεοῦ;
But do you think this, O man [you] who condemn those who practice such things and do the same, namely, that you will escape the judgment of God?
| λογίζῃ | verb; p, m, ind, 2s; λογίζομαι; to credit, count, reckon; regard, think, consider; customary present; |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| τοῦτο, | demo adj & pro; nsa; οὗτος; this, that; accusative object of λογίζῃ; |
| ὦ | interjection; ὦ; O, Oh; interjection used in direct address; In Koine Greek, it can express emotion; ATR suggests censure here (ATR, p. 464). |
| ἄνθρωπε | noun; msv; ἄνθρωπος; man; with above interjection, direct address; |
| ὁ κρίνων | art ptcp; p, a, msv; κρίνω; to decide, consider, as preferring one thing over another or determining the correctness of a matter; by extension; to judge, pass judgment on, condemn in a legal sense; imperfective adjectival participle qualifying ὦ ἄνθρωπε; Note again as in verse one, the nominative is used as an appositive to a vocative. |
| τοὺς | art; mpa; ὁ; the; qualifies πράσσοντας making it substantival ‘those who practice;’ |
| τὰ τοιαῦτα | art adj; npa; τοιοῦτος; such, such as this, of such a kind; The article indicates the adjective is used substantively as direct object of the participle πράσσοντας. |
| πράσσοντας | verb; p, a, ptcp, mpa; πράσσω; to do, act, practice; substantival, object of participle κρίνων, ‘those who practice;’ |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; connects ὁ κρίνων and ποιῶν; |
| ποιῶν | verb; p, a, ptcp, msn; ποιέω; to do, make, practice, produce; imperfective adjectival participle indicating an ongoing action, used as an appositive to ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ‘those who are doing;’ |
| αὐτά, | pers pro & intensive and identical adj; npa; αὐτός; he, she, it; used as an identity adjective, substantively; the same one, the same things; |
| ὅτι | conj; ὅτι; that, This introduces a noun clause which details the content of λογίζῃ, here it is in apposition to τοῦτο, which is the proper object proper of λογίζῃ. |
| σὺ | pers pro; 2 ms; σύ; you, your; stated subject of ἐκφεύξῃ used for emphasis; In English, we would need to highlight or underline the word you to get across that idea. |
| ἐκφεύξῃ | verb f, ind, m, 2s; ἐκφεύγω; to escape; predictive, (specific) future; |
| τὸ κρίμα | art noun; nsn; κρίμα; judgment, condemnation; sentence, punishment; accusative object of ἐκφεύξῃ; |
| τοῦ θεοῦ; | art noun; msg; θεός, -οῦ, -ὁ; God; subjective gen; |
ἢ τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας καταφρονεῖς, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει;
Or do you disregard the riches of his goodness, forbearance and patience, being unaware that the benevolence of God leads you to repentance.
| ἢ | conj; ἤ; or; (in a series) either…or; |
| τοῦ πλούτου | art noun; msg; πλοῦτος; riches, wealth; genitive object of καταφρονεῖς; |
| τῆς χρηστότητος | art noun; fsg; χρηστότης; kindness, goodness; genitive of content; |
| αὐτοῦ | pers pro; 3msg; αὐτός; he, she, it; possessive genitive or subjective genitive; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| τῆς ἀνοχῆς | art noun; fsg; ἀνοχή; tolerance, forbearance, clemency, patience Rom. 2:4; 3:26*; possessive genitive or subjective genitive; after τοῦ πλούτου as above; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| τῆς μακροθυμίας | art noun; fsg; μακροθυμία; patience, forbearance, internal and external control in a difficult circumstance, which control could exhibit itself by delaying an action; possessive genitive or subjective genitive; after τοῦ πλούτου as above; |
| καταφρονεῖς, | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; καταφρονέω; to despise, look down on, scorn, show contempt; takes object in genitive case; customary present; |
| ἀγνοῶν | verb; p, a, ptcp, msn; ἀγνοέω; to be ignorant, not know, not understand; adverbial participle, causal or attendant circumstance; |
| ὅτι | conj; ὅτι; that; introduces the content of the participle ἀγνοῶν. |
| τὸ χρηστὸν | adj; nsn; χρηστός; easy, good; kind, loving, benevolent; substantival use of adjective, subject of the verb ἄγει; |
| τοῦ θεοῦ | art noun; msg; θεός; God; attributed genitive or perhaps a subjective genitive; |
| εἰς | prep + acc; εἰς; to, toward, into; for; |
| μετάνοιάν | noun; fsa; μετάνοια; change of mind, repentance; object of preposition εἰς; |
| σε | pers pro; 2sa; σύ; you; direct object of ἄγει; |
| ἄγει; | verb; p, a, ind, 3s; ἄγω; to bring, lead; ATR calls this an inchoative or conative present (ATR, p. 880). The idea is that God’s benevolence is intended to lead on to this state not that it always or usually does this. |
κατὰ δὲ τὴν σκληρότητά σου καὶ ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκριςίας τοῦ θεοῦ
Rather, because of your hardness and unrepentant heart, you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and the righteous judgment of God,
| κατὰ | prep + acc; κατά; (acc) in, by, with, in accordance with, for; (AG, p. 408 under II.5.a.δ.), because of; |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| τὴν σκληρότητά | art noun; fsa; σκληρότης; hardness, stubbornness,;, met. Σκληρότης τῆς καρδιας, hardness of heart, obstinacy, perverseness, Rom. 2:5*; acc obj of κατὰ; |
| σου | pers pro; 2sg; σύ; your; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| ἀμετανόητον | adj; fsa; ἀμετανόητος; unrepentant*; qualifies καρδίαν; |
| καρδίαν | noun; fsa; καρδία; heart, mind; seat of thought and emotion; second of compound object of κατά above; |
| θησαυρίζεις | verb; p, a ind, 2s; θησαυρίζω; to store up, gather, reserve; progressive present; |
| σεαυτῷ | reciprocal pro; 2p msd; σεαυτοῦ; yourself; dative of advantage; |
| ὀργὴν | noun; fsa; ὀργή; wrath, anger; direct object of verb θησαυρίζεις; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; of time; during; |
| ἡμέρᾳ | noun; fsd; ἡμέρα; day, time of the day, time, indefinite period of time; object of preposition ἐν; |
| ὀργῆς | noun; fsg; ὀργή; wrath, anger; descriptive genitive; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| ἀποκαλύψεως | noun; fsg; ἀποκάλυψις; revelation, disclosure; descriptive genitive; |
| δικαιοκριςίας | noun; fsg; δικαιοκρισία; righteous judgment; objective genitive; |
| τοῦ θεοῦ | art noun; msg; θεός; God; subjective genitive; |
ὃς ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ
who will render due to each one in accordance with their deeds.
| ὃς | rel pro; msn; ὅς; who, which, what, that; anyone, someone, a certain one; subject of ἀποδώσει; antecedent is θεοῦ in previous verse; |
| ἀποδώσει | verb; f, a, ind, 3s; ἀποδίδωμι; give, give away; pay, pay back; predictive future; |
| ἑκάστῳ | adj; msd; ἕκαστος; each, every; substantival use; dative indirect object of ἀποδώσει; |
| κατὰ | prep + acc; κατά; (acc) in, by, with, in accordance with; |
| τὰ ἔργα | art noun; npa; ἔργον, -ου, τό; work, deed, activity, task, job; object of preposition κατά; |
| αὐτοῦ | pers pro; 3msg; αὐτός; he, she, it; subjective genitive; |
τοῖς μὲν καθ᾽ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρςίαν ζητοῦσιν ζωὴν αἰώνιον,
To those, on the one hand, who by perseverance of good works are seeking praise, honor and immortality, [will he render] eternal life;
| τοῖς | art, mpd; ὁ; the; qualifies ζητοῦσιν below; |
| μὲν | ptcl indicating contrast, emphasis or continuation μέν; on the one hand, one...or the other; |
| καθ᾽ | prep + acc; κατά; (acc) in, by, with, in accordance with; |
| ὑπομονὴν | noun; fsa; ὑπομονή; perseverance, endurance, patience, patient endurance; object of preposition κατά; |
| ἔργου | noun; nsg; work, deed, activity, task, job; genitive of content ‘perseverance which consists of good deeds’ |
| ἀγαθοῦ | adj; nsg; good; good as a positive quality (vs. bad), good as a moral quality (vs. evil); qualifies ἔργου above; |
| δόξαν | noun; fsa; δόξα; glory, splendor, brilliance; honor, praise; accusative object of participle ζητοῦσιν below; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| τιμὴν | noun; fsa; honor, value, respect; accusative accusative object of participle ζητοῦσιν below; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| ἀφθαρσίαν | noun; fsa; imperishableness, immortality, incorruptibility; accusative accusative object of participle ζητοῦσιν below; |
| ζητοῦσιν | verb, p, a, ptcp, mpd; ζητέω; to look for, seek out; to try to obtain; substantival use, either the understood indirect object of understood verb ἀποδώσει, from previous verse, or perhaps in apposition to ἑκάστῳ in previous verse. |
| ζωὴν | noun; fsa; ζωή; life; accusative object of understood verb ἀποδώσει, from previous verse; |
| αἰώνιον, | adj; fsa; αἰώνιος; eternal, long ago; qualifies ζωὴν above; |
τοῖς δὲ ἐξ ἐριθείας καὶ ἀπειθοῦσιν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός.
But, on the other, to those who out of selfish ambition are even refusing to believe the truth and are obeying unrighteousness, furious wrath.
| τοῖς | art; mpd; ὁ; the; qualifies the participle ἀπειθοῦσιν, below; |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| ἐξ | prep + gen; ἐκ; of, out of; from, away from; the means or source of an activity; |
| ἐριθείας | noun; fsg; ἐριθεία; selfish ambition, faction, strife; object of preposition ἐκ; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| ἀπειθοῦσιν | verb; p, a, ptcp, mpd; ἀπειθέω; to disobey, be disobedient; adjectival participle, substantival either the understood indirect object of understood verb ἀποδώσει, from previous verse, or perhaps in apposition to ἑκάστῳ in verse seven; |
| τῇ ἀληθείᾳ | art noun; fsd; ἀλήθεια; truth, truthfulness; corresponding to reality; dative object of ἀπειθοῦσιν above; |
| πειθομένοις | verb; p, mp, ptcp, mpd; πείθω; to convince, persuade; to trust in, have confidence in, be persuaded, passive and middle: to be persuaded of, to be convinced, to believe; to be obedient to; adjectival participle, substantival either the understood indirect object of understood verb ἀποδώσει, from previous verse, or perhaps in apposition to ἑκάστῳ in verse seven; |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| τῇ ἀδικίᾳ | art noun; fsd; ἀδικία; wickedness, evil, wrongdoing; dative object of πειθομένοις above; |
| ὀργὴ | noun; fsn; ὀργή, -ῆς, ἡ; wrath, anger; accusative object of understood verb ἀποδώσει, from verse six; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| θυμός. | noun; msn; θυμός, -οῦ, ὁ; wrath, fury, anger, rage, a state of intense displeasure based in some real or perceived wrong.; perhaps a hendiadys, ‘furious wrath;’ |
θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν, Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος
Tribulation and distress [will be] upon every soul of a person who labors at evil; the Jew first but also the Greek.
| θλῖψις | noun: fsn; θλῖψις; trouble, distress, oppression, tribulation; first nominative noun of a compound subject of understood verb ἔσοντα; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| στενοχωρία | noun; fsn; στενοχωρία; distress, hardship, difficulty; second nominative noun of a compound subject of understood verb ἔσονται; |
| ἐπὶ | prep + acc; ἐπί; (acc) across, over, on, to, for, while, against, of hostile movement; |
| πᾶσαν | adj; fsa; πᾶςall, every (thing, one), whole; always; |
| ψυχὴν | noun; fsa; ψυχή; life, soul; heart, mind; a person; Question: Does this specifically refer to the immaterial part of a human being in this verse or is it used in the larger reference to the being of a person? |
| ἀνθρώπου | noun; msg; ἄνθρωπος; human being, person; humankind, people; man, husband |
| τοῦ κατεργαζομένου | art ptcp, p, m, msg; κατεργάζομαι; to produce, accomplish, bring about, do; imperfective adjectival participle qualifying ἀνθρώπου; See note on ἐργάζομαι in the next verse. |
| τὸ κακόν, | adj; nsa; κακός; evil, wicked, wrong; substantival use, direct object of participle κατεργαζομένου; |
| Ἰουδαίου | adj; msg; Ἰουδαῖος; Jewish (people), Jewish; in apposition to τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν; |
| τε | conj; τε; and, but (often not translated); with καί both…and; |
| πρῶτον | adv; πρῶτον; first; earlier; above all; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| Ἕλληνος | noun; msg; Ἕλλην, -ηνος, ὁ; Greek; gentile, a class of person distinguished from the Jewish race and nation; not necessarily Greek; in apposition to τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν; |
δόξα δὲ καὶ τιμὴ καὶ εἰρήνη παντὶ τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθόν, Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι
But glory, honor and peace [will be] to everyone who works good; the Jew first but also the Greek.
| δόξα | noun; fsn; δόξα; glory, splendor, brilliance; honor, praise; Question: why the change in the grammatical construction of the parallel statements (verses nine and ten)? Is it simply a stylistic figure (oratio variata, perhaps) or does it have another theological significance? |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| τιμὴ | noun; fsn; τιμή; honor, value, respect; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and |
| εἰρήνη | noun; fsn; ειρήνη; peace, harmony, tranquility; safety, welfare, health; |
| παντὶ | adj; msd; πᾶς; all, every (thing, one), whole; always; substantival use, dative indirect object. or dative of advantage of understood verb; |
| τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ | art ptcp, p, m, msd; ἐργάζομαι; to produce, accomplish, bring about, do; imperfective adjectival participle qualifying παντὶ; Question: why the change verb from κατεργάζομαι to ἐργάζομαι? Is it because κατεργάζομαι is an emphatic form of ἐργάζομαι (WEV, p. 1580) and we (human beings) are more inclined to work harder to do evil than good? |
| τὸ ἀγαθόν, | art adj; nsa; ἀγαθός; good; good as a positive quality (vs. bad), good as a moral quality (vs. evil); substantival use, direct object of participle ἐργαζομένῳ; |
| Ἰουδαίῳ | adj; msd; Ἰουδαῖος; Jewish (people), Jewish; in apposition to τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθόν; |
| τε | conj; τε; and, but (often not translated) ; with καί both…and; |
| πρῶτον | adv; πρῶτον; first; earlier; above all; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; and; |
| Ἕλληνι | noun; msd; Ἕλλην; Greek; gentile, a class of person distinguished from the Jewish race and nation, not necessarily Greek; in apposition to τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθόν; |
οὐ γάρ ἐστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ.
For there is no partiality with God.
| οὐ | neg adv; οὐ; no, not; |
| γάρ | conj; γάρ; explanatory; for, because, indeed, but; This conjunction introduces the reason or explanation of the previous verses. |
| ἐστιν | verb; p, a, ind, 3s; εἰμί; to be, exist, be present; gnomic present; |
| προσωπολημψία | noun; fsn; προσωπολημψία; favoritism, partiality; |
| παρὰ | prep + dat; παρά; (dat) with, before, among, in the sight of; |
| τῷ θεῷ. | art noun; msd; θεός; God, god; |
ὅσοι γὰρ ἀνόμως ἥμαρτον, ἀνόμως καὶ ἀπολοῦνται, καὶ ὅσοι ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον, διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται
For as many as sin without law will even perish without law; and as many as sin under (the jurisdiction of the) Law will be judged by (the) Law.
| ὅσοι | adj; mpn; ὅσος; how great, how much, how far; as, just as, as many as; subject of first incidence of ἥμαρτον; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| ἀνόμως | adv; ἀνόμως; apart from law, without law; |
| ἥμαρτον, | verb; a, a, ind, 3p; ἁμαρτάνω; to sin, do wrong; usually to do any act contrary to the will and law of God; gnomic aorist; |
| ἀνόμως | adv; ἀνόμως; apart from law, without law; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as an adv) also, even, likewise; |
| ἀπολοῦνται | verb:f, ind, mid, 3p; ἀπόλλυμι; to destroy, to kill, cause to lose, to die or perish; predictive future; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| ὅσοι | adj; mpn; ὅσος; how great, how much, how far; as, just as, as many as; subject of second incidence of ἥμαρτον; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, by, with; AG gives this meaning, “In the ‘forensic’ sense ἔν τινι can mean in someone’s court or forum” (AG, p. 258 under I.3.); |
| νόμῳ | noun; msn; νόμος; law, regulation, principle; this has a broad range of meanings and referents, ranging from law as a principle revealed in nature or reason, to the OT Scriptures as a body, the first five books of the Scriptures, or any single command of the Scriptures; object of preposition ἐν; Here from the context, this seems certainly likely to refer to the Old Testament Law. The noun would be well know to refer to such and thus would be definite even without the article. |
| ἥμαρτον | verb; a, a, ind, 3p; ἁμαρτάνω; to sin, do wrong; usually to do any act contrary to the will and law of God; gnomic aorist; |
| διὰ | prep + gen; διά; (gen) through, by means of; |
| νόμου | noun; msg; νόμος; law, regulation, principle; this has a broad range of meanings and referents, ranging from law as a principle revealed in nature or reason, to the OT Scriptures as a body, the first five books of the Scriptures, or any single command of the Scriptures; object of preposition διά; See note on νόμος above. |
| κριθήσονται | verb; f, p, ind 3p; κρίνω; to decide, consider, as preferring one thing over another or determining the correctness of a matter; by extension; to judge, pass judgment on, condemn in a legal sense; predictive future; |
οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ νόμου δίκαιοι παρὰ [τῷ] θεῷ, ἀλλ᾽ οἱ ποιηταὶ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται.
For the hearers of the Law are not just with God but the doers of the Law will be justified.
| οὐ | neg adv; οὐ; no, not, not at all; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| οἱ ἀκροαταὶ | art noun; ἀκροατής; hearer, Rom. 2:13; Jas. 1:22, 23, 25*; subject of a verbless clause; |
| νόμου | noun; msg; νόμος; law; objective genitive; This refers to the Mosaic Law. ATR states, ‘In general when νόμος is anarthrous in Paul it refers to the Mosaic law’ (ATR, p. 796). |
| δίκαιοι | adj; mpn; δίκαιος; right, righteous, upright; predicate use of adjective in verbless clause; |
| παρὰ | prep + dat; παρά; (dat) with, before, among, in the sight of; |
| [τῷ] θεῷ | [art] noun; msd; θεός; God, god; object of preposition παρά; |
| ἀλλ᾽ | conj; ἀλλά; but, instead, yet, except; strong contrast; |
| οἱ ποιηταὶ | art noun; mpn; ποιητής, οῦ, ὁ; doer, keeper, poet; subject of δικαιωθήσονται; |
| νόμου | noun; msg; νόμος, -ου, ὁ; law;, the Mosaic Law; objective genitive; |
| δικαιωθήσονται | verb; f, p, ind, 3p; δικαιόω; to justify, vindicate, declare righteous; predictive future; Note that Paul switches from a verbless clause with a durative, existing idea to a future tense. He changes the grammatical construction and that is significant, I think. |
ὅταν γὰρ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ποιῶσιν, οὗτοι νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος·
For whenever the Gentiles not having the Law should do the things of the Law, these, while not having the Law, are the law for themselves.
| ὅταν | temporal particle; ὅταν; when, whenever; at once; as soon as; introduces a temporal clause; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| ἔθνη | noun; npn; ἔθνος; gentile, pagan; (foreign) nation, a people; nominative subject of ποιῶσιν; |
| τὰ | art; npn; ὁ; the; qualifies the participial phrase, ‘μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα;’ |
| μὴ | neg. adv; μή; no, not; qualifies the participle ἔχοντα; |
| νόμον | noun; msa; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; accusative direct object of ἔχοντα; |
| ἔχοντα | verb; p, a, ptcp npn; ἔχω; (tr.) to have, hold, keep; adjectival imperfective participle qualifying ἔθνη; |
| φύσει | noun; fsd; φύσις; nature; natural state of being or characteristics; The dative could be a dative indicating the manner in which something is done. If this is the case then it would usually be translated by an adverb such as ‘naturally’ or ‘instinctively.’ Closely associated is the dative of means or instrument, ‘by nature’ or ‘by instinct.’ The ideas blend and are hard to separate sometimes as here. The actions of these Gentiles who do not have the revealed Law come from their built in nature or instincts. It is naturally, it comes instinctively. |
| τὰ | art; npn; ὁ, ἡ, τό; the; qualifies the gen phrase τοῦ νόμου – ‘the of the Law things;’ |
| τοῦ νόμου | art noun; msg; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Law; genitive following the article τά; See note above on τά. a descriptive genitive, the things described by the Law, either positive or negative. |
| ποιῶσιν | verb; p ,a, sub, 3p; ποιέω; to do, make, practice, produce, a generic term of action or performance; |
| οὗτοι | demo adj mpn; οὗτος; this, this one, these; antecedent is ἔθνη, used substantively as subject of εἰσιν. Note that the gender shifts from neuter (ἔθνη) to masculine (οὗτοι). This seems to be natural since Paul was not saying the nations did this as a nation, but the individuals who made up this class of people did this. Thus the shift focuses on individuals acting. |
| νόμον | noun; msa; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Law; accusative object of following participle ἔχοντες; |
| μὴ | verb; p, a, ptcp mpn; ἔχω; (tr.) to have, hold, keep; adjectival imperfective participle qualifying οὗτοι above; |
| ἔχοντες | verb; p, a, ptcp mpn; ἔχω; (tr.) to have, hold, keep; adjectival imperfective participle qualifying οὗτοι above; |
| ἑαυτοῖς | reciprocal pro; mpd; ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς; himself, herself, itself, themselves; dative of advantage or interest; |
| εἰσιν | verb; p, a, ind, 3p; εἰμί; to be, exist, be present; customary present; |
| νόμος | noun; msn; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Law; nominative predicate after εἰσιν above. In this instance the noun does not refer to the Mosaic Law but a law or regulation in itself. |
οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν, συμμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων,
For they [lit. who] show the work of the Law inscribed upon their inner being [lit. hearts] with their conscience testifying and their thoughts either accusing or else defending themselves
| οἵτινες | pro indefinite/rel; ὅστις; who, whoever, whatever; someone, anyone, everyone; subject of following ἐνδείκνυνται; ; ATR suggests this is a casual use of this indefinite relative (ATR, p. 728). |
| ἐνδείκνυνται | verb; p, m, ind, 3p; ἐνδείκνυμι; to show, display; customary present; |
| τὸ ἔργον | noun; nsa; ἔργον; work, deed, activity, task, job; accusative object of ἐνδείκνυνται; |
| τοῦ νόμου | art noun; msg; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Law; descriptive genitive or partitive genitive perhaps; It does not seem to be a genitive of source, i.e. ‘work which is found in the Law, work that is part of the Law, rather the idea seems to be Law work, work which is required by, dictated by, commanded by the Law or to be the ultimate outcome or result of the Law’ |
| γραπτὸν | adj; nsa; γραπτός; written [Rom. 2:15*] attributive adjective qualifying τὸ ἔργον; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, with; |
| ταῖς καρδίαις | art noun; fpd; καρδία; heart, seat of thought and emotion; We might describe this as our conscience. It seems to be more than just the rational mind and goes beyond what we might call our emotions. It is a sense of wrongness or rightness of something, the oughtness, if you will, of something that should be or not be done. Object of preposition ἐν; |
| αὐτῶν | pers pro; 3mpg; αὐτός; he, she, it; possessive genitive qualifying ταῖς καρδίαις; |
| συμμαρτυρούσης | verb; p, a, ptcp fsg; συμμαρτυρέω; to testify with; to confirm; an imperfective participle used in a genitive absolute construction. |
| αὐτῶν | pers pro; 3mpg; αὐτός; he, she, it; possessive genitive qualifying τῆς συνειδήσεως; |
| τῆς συνειδήσεως | art noun; fsg; συνείδησις; conscience; subject of genitive absolute συμμαρτυρούσης; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| μεταξὺ | adv; μεταξύ; (spacial) between; can function as an improper prep., between; |
| ἀλλήλων | reciprocal pro; ἀλλήλων; one another, each other; |
| τῶν λογισμῶν | art noun; mpg; λογισμός; thought; argument, reasoning; genitive subject of κατηγορούντων and ἀπολογουμένων (genitive absolutes); |
| κατηγορούντων | verb, p, a, ptcp, mpg; κατηγορέω; to accuse, bring charges against; an imperfective participle used in a genitive absolute construction. |
| ἢ | conj; ἤ; or; (in a series) either…or; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| ἀπολογουμένων | verb; p, p, ptcp mpg; ἀπολογέομαι; to defend oneself, speak in one’s own behalf, to defend one’s self against a charge, to make a defense; an imperfective participle used in a genitive absolute construction. |
ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε κρίνει ὁ θεὸς τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου διὰ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ.
in the day when God will judge the hidden things of men in accordance with my gospel through Christ Jesus.
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, with; (of time) during, while; |
| ἡμέρᾳ | noun; fsd; ἡμέρα; day, time of the day, time, indefinite period of time; |
| ὅτε | temporal ptcl/conj; ὅτε; when, while, after; as, as soon as; |
| κρίνει | verb; p, a, ind, 3s; κρίνω; to decide, consider, to judge, pass judgment on; futuristic present; |
| ὁ θεὸς | art noun; msn; θεός; God, god; |
| τὰ κρυπτὰ | art adj; npa; κρυπτός; hidden, unseen, secret; substantival use, direct object of κρίνει; |
| τῶν ἀνθρώπων | noun; mpg; ἄνθρωπος; human being, person; humankind, people; man, husband; |
| κατὰ | prep + acc”; κατά; (acc) in, by, with, in accordance with, for; |
| τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν | art noun; nsa; εὐαγγέλιον, -ου, τό; gospel, good news; Note: The judgment of God is part of the gospel that Paul proclaimed. The good news follows upon the bad news. The gospel cannot be fully comprehended without a grasp of the judgment! object of preposition κατά; |
| μου | pers pro; 1sg; ἐγώ; I, me, my; we, us, our; subjective genitive; |
| διὰ | prep + gen; διά; (gen) through, of immediate agency, causation, instrumentality, by means of, by; |
| Χριστοῦ | noun name; msg; Χριστός, -οῦ, ὁ; Christ, Anointed One, Messiah, partial object of preposition διά; properly this is the title of the person; |
| Ἰησοῦ | noun name; msg; Ἰησοῦς, -ου, ὁ; Jesus, Joshua, Yahweh saves; partial object of preposition διά; This is the person’s name. |
Εἰ δὲ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ καὶ ἐπαναπαύῃ νόμῳ καὶ καυχᾶσαι ἐν θεῷ
But if you call yourself a Jew and rest upon the Law and boast in God,
| Εἰ | conditional ptcp; εἰ; if, since; This introduces a first class condition; the compound protasis (if part) is found in verses seventeen through twenty. The compound apodosis is found in verses twenty-one through twenty-four. |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| σὺ | pers pro; 2ns; σύ; you, your; Note that there is a switch from the more impersonal third person in the previous verses to a direct address in the second person in this verse and following. The use of the second person personal pronoun is emphatic. |
| Ἰουδαῖος | adj; msn; Ἰουδαῖος; Jewish (people), Jewish; nominative of appellation; |
| ἐπονομάζῃ | verb; p, p, ind, 2s; ἐπονομάζω; (pass.) to be called, named, to attach a name to; pass. To be named, Rom. 2:17*; customary present; The use of εἰ with indicative assumes the truth of the protasis. |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| ἐπαναπαύῃ | verb; p, m, ind, 2s; ἐπαναπαύομαι; to rest on, rely on, to make to rest; |
| νόμῳ | noun; msd; νόμος; law, Mosaic Law here; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| καυχᾶσαι | verb; p, m, ind, 2s; καυχάομαι; to boast, brag about; to rejoice in, glory in; this can refer to proper or improper boasting, depending on the object of the boast; customary present; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; use to indicate the object of καυχᾶσαι (See AG, p. 426 under 1.); |
| θεῷ | noun; msd; θεός; God, god |
καὶ γινώσκεις τὸ θέλημα καὶ δοκιμάζεις τὰ διαφέροντα κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου,
and you know his will and differentiate those things which are best because you are instructed from the Law;
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| γινώσκεις | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; γινώσκω; to know, come to know, recognize, understand; customary present; |
| τὸ θέλημα | art noun; nsa; θέλημα; will, decision, desire; The article here could be translated with the pronoun his. It is a definite, specific will, namely that of God. direct object of γινώσκεις; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| δοκιμάζεις | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; δοκιμάζω; to test, try, examine; interpret; customary present; |
| τὰ διαφέροντα | art ptcp; p, a, npa; διαφέρω; (intr.) to differ; to be more valuable than…to excel, be better or of greater value, be superior; substantival use, direct object of δοκιμάζεις; |
| κατηχούμενος | verb; p, p, ptcp, msn; κατηχέω; (pass.) to be instructed, informed, adverbial imperfective participle, casual; |
| ἐκ | prep + gen; ἐκ; of, out of; from, away from; logically; the means or source of an activity, disassociation or separation; |
| τοῦ νόμου | art noun; msg; νόμος, -ου, ὁ; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; |
πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει,
and have become persuaded that you yourself are a guide of the blind, a light of those in darkness,
| πέποιθάς | verb; pf, a, ind, 2s; πείθω; to be assured, be confident; extensive perfect with emphasis on the current state; |
| τε | conj; τε; and, but (often not translated); |
| σεαυτὸν | reflexive pro 2sa; σεαυτοῦ; yourself; subject of the infinitive εἶναι; |
| ὁδηγὸν | noun; msa; ὁδηγός; guide, leader, Acts 1:16; met. An instructor, teacher, Mt. 15:14; 23:16, 24; Rom. 2:19*; predicate accusative of infinitive εἶναι; |
| εἶναι | verb; p, a,inf; εἰμί; to be, exist, be present; For forms of indirect declarations see (DM, p.298); use of infinitive in this construction; |
| τυφλῶν | adj; mpg; τυφλός; blind; substantival use; objective genitive; |
| φῶς | noun; nsa; φῶς; light; daylight; firelight; accusative subject of understood verb εἶναι; |
| τῶν | art; mpg; ὁ; the; used with prep phrase ἐν σκότει making it a substantive; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν;; in, inside, at, among, with; |
| σκότει, | noun; nsd; σκότος; darkness, the dark; object of preposition ἐν; |
παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ
an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of children, possessing the embodiment of the knowledge and the truth [found] in the Law;
| παιδευτὴν | noun; msa; παιδευτής; instructor, teacher; discipliner, corrector; accusative subject of understood verb εἶναι, see previous verse; |
| ἀφρόνων, | adj; mpg; ἄφρων; foolish, ignorant; substantival use, objective genitive; |
| διδάσκαλον | noun; msa; διδάσκαλος; teacher, instructor, one who provides instruction; accusative subject of understood verb εἶναι, see previous verse; |
| νηπίων, | noun; mpg; νήπιος; (noun) child, infant; objective genitive; |
| ἔχοντα | verb; p, a, ptcp msa; ἔχω; to have, hold, keep; adjectival imperfective participle qualifying σεαυτὸν in previous verse. |
| τὴν μόρφωσιν | art noun; fsa; μόρφωσις; embodiment, formulation; (outward) form, appearance; accusative object of ἔχοντα; |
| τῆς γνώσεως | art noun; fsg; γνῶσις; knowledge, understanding; first of two genitives qualifying τὴν μόρφωσιν, descriptive genitive maybe?; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; connecting two genitives qualifying τὴν μόρφωσιν; |
| τῆς ἀληθείας | art noun; fsg; ἀλήθεια; truth, truthfulness; corresponding to reality; second of two genitives qualifying τὴν μόρφωσιν, descriptive genitive maybe?; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, with; |
| τῷ νόμῳ | art noun; msd; νόμος, -ου, ὁ; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; object of preposition ἐν; |
ὁ οὖν διδάσκων ἕτερον σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις; ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν κλέπτεις;
You, therefore, who teach another, do you not teach yourself? You who preach not to steal, do you steal?
| ὁ | art; msv; ὁ; the; qualifies διδάσκων making it a substantive; The article is used with the nominative case of the participle as a vocative. ‘You who judge another’; |
| οὖν | conj; οὖν; therefore, then, so then; This is an inferential particle and indicates “that what it introduces is the result of or an inference fr. what precedes (AG, p. 597).” Dana & Mantey suggest an adversative use in this passage and would translate it as ‘however.’ (DM, p. 258); What Paul states in this verse and following is predicated upon what he said in the previous verses, notably, 2:17-20. οὖν marks the beginning of the apodosis of a long conditional clause. The protasis is found in verses seventeen through twenty and the apodosis in verses twenty-one through twenty-four. This long clause is one sentence. While it is good Greek, it is bad English. Thus, English translations break it up into several sentences which, unfortunately, sometimes makes the conditional idea harder to see. |
| διδάσκων | verb; p, a, ptcp msv; διδάσκω; to teach, instruct; substantival use of imperfective participle stressing ongoing action. It is used as a vocative. |
| ἕτερον | adj; msa; ἕτερος; other, different, another; used as a substantive; direct object of διδάσκων; |
| σεαυτὸν | reciprocal pro 2ms; yourself, of yourself, to yourself; direct object of διδάσκεις; |
| οὐ | neg adv; οὐ; no, not, not at all; |
| διδάσκεις; | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; διδάσκω; to teach, instruct; (For use of indicative mode in questions, see ATR p. 915); customary present; |
| ὁ | art; msv; ὁ; the; qualifies κηρύσσων making it a substantive; The article is used with the nominative case of the participle as a vocative. ‘You who preach that’; |
| κηρύσσων | verb; p, a, ptcp, msv; κηρύσσω; to preach, proclaim; The nominative is used as a vocative here. substantival use of imperfective participle stressing ongoing action, ‘You, who preach’; |
| μὴ | neg. adv; μή; no, not; with; used to negate the infinitive, not to negate the indicative κλέπτεις. |
| κλέπτειν | verb; p, a, inf; κλέπτω; steal; infinitive used in indirect discourse; |
| κλέπτεις; | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; κλέπτω; steal; customary present; |
ὁ λέγων μὴ μοιχεύειν μοιχεύεις; ὁ βδελυσςόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα ἱεροσυλεῖς;
You who say, ‘Don’t commit adultery!’ do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob (pagan) temples?
| ὁ | art; msv; ὁ; the; qualifies λέγων substantizing it; The article is used with the nominative case of the participle as a vocative. ‘You who say;’ |
| λέγων | verb; p, a, ptcp, msv; λέγω; say, said; substantival use of imperfective participle stressing ongoing action. It is used as a vocative. |
| μὴ | neg. adv; μή; no, not; with; used to negate the infinitive, not to negate the indicative μοιχεύεις; |
| μοιχεύειν | verb; p, a, inf; μοιχεύω; (act.) to commit adultery; infinitive used in indirect discourse; |
| μοιχεύεις; | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; μοιχεύω; (act.) to commit adultery; customary present; |
| ὁ | art; msv; ὁ; the; qualifies βδελυσςόμενος making it a substantive. The article is used with the nominative case of the participle as a vocative. ‘You who detest;’ |
| βδελυσςόμενος | verb; p, m, ptcp, mvs; βδελύσσομαι; (mid.) to abhor, detest; Rom. 2:22; Rev. 21:8*; substantival use of imperfective participle stressing ongoing action. It is used as a vocative. |
| τὰ εἴδωλα | art noun; nap; εἴδωλον; idol, an object that is worshiped, formed by casting or carving; accusative object of participle βδελυσςόμενος; |
| ἱεροσυλεῖς; | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; ἱεροσυλέω; to rob temples [to despoil temples, commit sacrilege, Rom. 2:22*] |
ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι, διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου τὸν θεὸν ἀτιμάζεις·
You who boast in the Law, by your violation of the Law do you dishonor God?
| ὃς | rel pro; msn; ὅς; who, which, what, that; anyone, someone, a certain one; nominative case used as a vocative, ‘You who;’ subject of καυχᾶσαι; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, with; |
| νόμῳ | noun; msd; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; object of preposition ἐν; |
| καυχᾶσαι, | verb; p, m, ind, 2s; καυχάομαι; to boast, brag about; to rejoice in, glory in; customary present; |
| διὰ | prep + gen; διά; (gen) through, by means of; |
| τῆς παραβάσεως | art noun; fsg; παράβασις, εως, ἡ; transgression, breaking, violation; object of prep διά; |
| τοῦ νόμου | art noun; msg; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; object of preposition διά; |
| τὸν θεὸν | articular noun; msa; θεός; God, god; direct object of ἀτιμάζεις; |
| ἀτιμάζεις· | verb; p, a, ind, 2s; ἀτιμάζω; to dishonor, disgrace, treat shamefully, insult; customary present; |
τὸ γὰρ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ δι᾽ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, καθὼς γέγραπται.
For the name of God is slandered because of you among the Gentiles just as it is written!
| τὸ | art; nsn; ὁ; the; qualifies ὄνομα; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| ὄνομα | noun; nsn; ὄνομα; name; title; subject of βλασφημεῖται; |
| τοῦ θεοῦ | art noun; msg; θεός; God, god; genitive of apposition; |
| δι᾽ | prep + acc; διά; (acc) because of, through, by; |
| ὑμᾶς | pers pro; 2pa; ὑμεῖς; you, your; plural; object of preposition διά; |
| βλασφημεῖται | verb; p, p, ind, 3s; βλασφημέω; to blaspheme, insult, slander, curse; gnomic present/customary present; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, at, among; |
| τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, | noun; npd; ἔθνος, -ους, τό; gentile, pagan; (foreign) nation, a people; |
| καθὼς | adverb; καθώς; as, just as, even as; in accordance with; |
| γέγραπται. | verb; pf, p, ind, 3s; γράφω; to write; intensive perfect; |
περιτομὴ μὲν γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἐὰν νόμον πράσςῃς· ἐὰν δὲ παραβάτης νόμου ᾖς, ἡ περιτομή σου ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν.
Indeed, circumcision is a benefit, on the one hand, if you should practice the Law; but on the other, if you should be a transgressor of the Law, your circumcision has become uncircumcision.
| περιτομὴ | noun; fsn; περιτομή; circumcision; subject of ὠφελεῖ; |
| μὲν | ptcl; μέν; often untranslated; used with other particles to show contrast; on the one hand, one…or the other; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| ὠφελεῖ | verb; p, a, id, 3s; ὠφελέω; to be of good use; to have value; to help; This is the apodosis (the THEN part) of a third class present general conditional clause. |
| ἐὰν | conditional ptcl (conj.); ἐάν; if; used in the protasis of a third class general condition; |
| νόμον | noun; msa; νόμος, -ου, ὁ; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; |
| πράσςῃς· | verb; p,a, sub, 2s; πράσσω; to do, act, practice; present subjunctive used in an apodosis of a third class general present condition; |
| ἐὰν | conditional ptcl (conj.); ἐάν; if; used in the protasis of a third class general condition; |
| δὲ | conj; δέ; but, and, then, rather; |
| παραβάτης | noun; msn; παραβάτης; lawbreaker, transgressor; predicate nominative of ᾖς; |
| νόμου | noun; msg; νόμος, -ου, ὁ; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; perhaps a objective genitive? |
| ᾖς, | verb; p, a, sub, 2s; εἰμί; to be, exist, be present; present subjunctive used in an apodosis of a third class general present condition; |
| ἡ περιτομή | art noun; fsn; περιτομή, -ῆς, ἡ; circumcision; subject of γέγονεν; The definite article here might be translated as a demonstrative referring back to περιτομή in the first clause of this verse. subject of γέγονεν; |
| σου | pers pro; 2gs; σύ; you, your; objective genitive of περιτομή? |
| ἀκροβυστία | noun; fsn; ἀκροβυστία; uncircumcision; predicate nominative of γέγονεν; |
| γέγονεν. | verb; pf, a, ind, 3s; γίνομαι; to be, become; intensive perfect; |
ἐὰν οὖν ἡ ἀκροβυστία τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου φυλάσςῃ, οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται;
If, therefore, the uncircumcised [person] should keep the righteous acts of the Law, will not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?
| ἐὰν | conditional ptcl (conj.); ἐάν; if; used in the protasis of a third class general condition; |
| οὖν | conj; οὖν; therefore, then, so then; In this verse, even moreso than in verse twenty-one, this might have an adversative flavor (See verse twenty-one, also under AG, p. 597 under 4.). |
| ἡ ἀκροβυστία | noun; fsn; ἀκροβυστία; uncircumcision; This is used by metonymy here for an uncircumcised person, i.e. a Gentile. subject of φυλάσςῃ; |
| τὰ δικαιώματα | art noun; npa; δικαίωμα; regulation, requirement, commandment; act of righteousness; direct object of φυλάσςῃ; |
| τοῦ νόμου | art noun; msg; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; descriptive genitive (the acts of righteousness described by, required by, found in, etc. the Law); |
| φυλάσςῃ, | verb; p, a, sub, 3s; φυλάσσω; to obey, keep; to guard, watch; to keep away from, abstain; present subjunctive used in an apodosis of a third class general present condition; |
| οὐχ | neg adv; οὐ; no, not; Here it anticipates a positive response. |
| ἡ ἀκροβυστία | noun; fsn; uncircumcision; Here it probably refers to the condition of being circumcised rather than being a metonymy. subject of λογισθήσεται; |
| αὐτοῦ | pers pro; 3msg; αὐτός; he, she, it; possessive genitive; |
| εἰς | prep + acc; εἰς; to, toward, into; for; ATR states that εἰς with the accusative is used in place of the predicate nominative (ATR, p. 481). |
| περιτομὴν | art noun; fsa; περιτομή; circumcision; object of preposition εἰς; |
| λογισθήσεται; | verb; f, p, ind, 3s; λογίζομαι; to credit, count, reckon; regard, think, consider; predictive future; |
καὶ κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία τὸν νόμον τελοῦσα σὲ τὸν διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς παραβάτην νόμου.
And the physically uncircumcised person who fulfills the Law will judge you, a transgressor of the Law, although having the written code and circumcision.
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| κρινεῖ | verb; f, a, ind, 3s; κρίνω; to decide, consider; to judge, pass judgment on; predictive future; |
| ἡ | art; fsn; ὁ; the; qualifies ἀκροβυστία; |
| ἐκ | prep + gen; ἐκ; of, out of; from, away from; |
| φύσεως | noun; fsg; φύσις; nature; natural state of being or characteristics; object of preposition ἐκ; |
| ἀκροβυστία | noun; fsn; ἀκροβυστία; uncircumcision, foreskin; fig., not of the Mosaic covenant, a gentile; |
| τὸν νόμον | art noun; msa; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; direct object of τελοῦσα; |
| τελοῦσα | verb; p, a, ptcp, fsn; τελέω; to finish, complete, fulfill; imperfective adverbial participle; temporal possibly causal; |
| σὲ | pers pro; 2sa; σύ; you, your; direct object of κρινεῖ; |
| τὸν | art; msa; ὁ; the (qualifies παραβάτην); The phrase, τὸν διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς παραβάτην νόμου, is in apposition to σέ. |
| διὰ | prep + gen; διά; (gen) through, by means of, with; διά with the genitive can denote an attendant circumstance “the use denoting attendant circumstance” (AG, p. 179, under III.1.c.); |
| γράμματος | noun; nsg; γράμμα; letter (of the alphabet); document, Scriptures, written code; first of compound object of the preposition διά; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; connects two objects of the preposition διά; |
| περιτομῆς | art noun; fsg; περιτομή; circumcision; second object of the preposition διά; |
| παραβάτην | noun; msa; παραβάτης; lawbreaker, transgressor; in apposition to σέ. |
| νόμου | noun; msg; νόμος; law, regulation, principle, the Mosaic Law; |
οὐ γὰρ ὁ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ἰουδαῖός ἐστιν οὐδὲ ἡ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή,
The visibly Jewish person is not [a Jew], nor [is] visible physical circumcision [circumcision];
| οὐ | neg adv; οὐ; no, not; |
| γὰρ | conj; γάρ; shows inference or continuation; for, because, indeed, but; |
| ὁ | art; msn; ὁ; the; qualifies the phrase ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ἰουδαῖός; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, Here see AG (p.260 under III.2.) “to denote kind and manner, esp. in periphrasis”. The idea would be ‘visibly’ |
| τῷ | art; msd; ὁ; the; qualifies φανερῷ; |
| φανερῷ | adj; msd; φανερός; visible, clear, plain, known; used as a substantive, object of preposition ἐν; |
| Ἰουδαῖός | adj; msn; Ἰουδαῖος; Jewish (people), Jewish; used as a substantive, subject of ἐστιν; There is an understood predicate nominative Ἰουδαῖος; the idea being ‘The visibly Jewish person is not [a Jew]…’ |
| ἐστιν | verb; p, a, ind, 3s; εἰμί; to be, exist, be present; gnomic present; The subject of this verb is the phrase ὁ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ἰουδαῖός. |
| οὐδὲ | neg conj; οὐδέ; and not, nor, neither, not either, not even; |
| ἡ | art; msn; ὁ; the; qualifies the phrase ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή; This is the subject of the understood verb [ἐστιν] and predicate nominative [περιτομή]. the idea being ‘nor [is] visible physical circumcision ,circumcision’; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, by means of, with, because of, during, while; See note above. |
| τῷ | art; msd; ὁ, ἡ, τό; the; qualifies φανερῷ; |
| φανερῷ | adj; msd; φανερός; visible, clear, plain, known; ; used as a substantive, object of preposition ἐν; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; in, inside, at, among, by means of, with, because of, during, while; See note above. |
| σαρκὶ | noun; fsd; σάρξ; flesh, body; object of preposition ἐν; |
| περιτομή, | art noun; fsn; περιτομή; circumcision; |
ἀλλ᾽ ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος, καὶ περιτομὴ καρδίας ἐν πνεύματι οὐ γράμματι, οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος οὐκ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ.
But rather the unseen Jew [is the (true) Jew]; and circumcision of heart by the Spirit not written code [is (true) circumcision]; whose praise is not from men but from God.
| ἀλλ᾽ | conj; ἀλλά; but, instead, yet, except; indicates a strong contrast with previous verse; |
| ὁ | art; msn; ὁ; the; qualifies the phrase ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος; subject of unstated verb and predicate nominative, [is the (true) Jew]; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; See note on ἐν in previous verse. |
| τῷ | art; msd; ὁ; the; qualifies κρυπτῷ making it a substantive; |
| κρυπτῷ | adj; msd; κρυπτός; hidden, unseen, secret substantival use, object of preposition ἐν; |
| Ἰουδαῖος, | adj; msn; Ἰουδαῖος; Jewish (people), Jewish; |
| καὶ | conj; καί; (as a connective) and; |
| περιτομὴ | art noun; fsn; περιτομή; circumcision; subject of unstated verb and predicate nominative, [is the (true) circumcision]; |
| καρδίας | noun; fsg; καρδία; heart, mind (seat of thought and emotion); objective gen after περιτομὴ; |
| ἐν | prep + dat; ἐν; by, of the instrument, means, efficient cause; |
| πνεύματι | noun; nsd; πνεῦμα; spirit, God the Holy Spirit; first object of preposition ἐν; |
| οὐ | neg adv; οὐ; no; |
| γράμματι | noun; nsd; γράμμα; letter (of the alphabet); document, Scriptures, written code; second object of the preposition ἐν; |
| οὗ | relative pro; msg; ὅς; who, which, what; The antecedent is the subject of the first clause in this verse, ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος, ‘the unseen or hidden Jew.’ |
| ὁ ἔπαινος | art noun; msn; ἔπαινος; praise, commendation; subject of a verbless clause, the predicate of which is οὐκ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ; |
| οὐκ | neg adv; οὐ; no, not; |
| ἐξ | prep + gen; ἐκ; of, out of; from; |
| ἀνθρώπων | noun; mpg; ἄνθρωπος; human being, person; humankind; object of preposition ἐκ; |
| ἀλλ᾽ | conj; ἀλλά; but, instead, yet, except; |
| ἐκ | prep + gen; ἐκ; of, out of; from; |
| τοῦ θεοῦ. | art noun; msg; θεός; God, god; object of preposition ἐκ; |